Private, public, and bottled drinking water: Shared contaminant-mixture exposures and effects challenge

Paul M Bradley ¹, Kristin M Romanok ², Kelly L Smalling ², Stephanie E Gordon ³, Bradley J Huffman ⁴, Katie Paul Friedman ⁵, Daniel L Villeneuve ⁶, Brett R Blackwell ⁶, Suzanne C Fitzpatrick ⁷, Michael J Focazio ⁸, Elizabeth Medlock-Kakaley ⁵, Shannon M Meppelink ⁹, Ana Navas-Acien ¹⁰, Anne E Nigra ¹⁰, Molly L Schreiner ²

Affiliations Expand

• PMID: 39736175
• PMCID: PMC12086739
• DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.109220

Abstract

Background: Humans are primary drivers of environmental-contaminant exposures worldwide, including in drinking-water (DW). In the United States, point-of-use DW (POU-DW) is supplied via private tapwater (TW), public-supply TW, and bottled water (BW). Differences in management, monitoring, and messaging and lack of directly-intercomparable exposure data influence the actual and perceived quality and safety of different DW supplies and directly impact consumer decision-making.

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